[Oillusion] The Black Gold isn't just black
🔎 Oillusion is a new series of SKinno News which aims to explore every aspect of oil and to break the illusions about oil.
You may have heard and read many times the term “Black Gold” when people refer to crude oil or petroleum. The “gold” part, obviously, hints the economic value of it, but what about the “black”? If you try searching for the answer, the internet results will promptly show results explaining that “when crude oil is extracted from the ground, it has black color.” Fair enough. But if you just stop here and drawing the simple conclusion that crude oil is black, you should dig a bit deeper. Why so?
“Roses are red, violets are blue.”
But you know that, it’s not always true!
Just like how roses have many colors, and violet flowers also have multiple shades, the Black Gold is not always black. Keep scrolling down to learn more about the colors it has and the reasons behind such variation.
Let’s spend a minute to have a movie talk first. If you are a cinema fan, you must have heard of “Giant,” a classic movie released in 1956, directed by George Stevens and starring James Dean, Elizabeth Taylor, and Rock Hudson. The movie won the Best Director award at the 29th Academy Awards, and became a classic among classics that has won the hearts of many people over the last half-century. The movie has an iconic scene when young Jett (played by James Dean), who adores Leslie (played by Elizabeth Taylor), gets drenched in black liquid – the crude oil spewing from a drilling rig and rushes to Leslie in his oil-soaked appearance, exclaiming that he has struck oil, and now become “a rich boy." Those who watched that scene are mostly left with the strong impression of the “black liquid,” and thus came up with the color black first of all when mentioning “crude oi.”
However, black is not the only color of oil. Had the location Jett drilled been not in Texas, the U.S., but in a region across the continent with different geological characteristics, Director George Stevens might have had to consider another color. Black inherently has its own lightness, and it can also possess saturation when blended with other colors, such as “dark red” or “dark blue.” In conclusion, while oil is generally black, a closer look reveals not only its differences but also that it can include hues of yellow or red. It's not just about color. Some oils flow like sesame oil, while other oils are sticky like honey, indicating that their viscosities vary as well.
The petroleum products we commonly use, such as gasoline and diesel, are created through a process of appropriately mixing, boiling, and refining these oils with different colors and viscosities. The color of petroleum products is distinctly differentiated by product.
SK Innovation owns one of the largest crude oil refining facilities in the world - Ulsan Complex (Ulsan CLX), located in Ulsan, South Korean. In Ulsan CLX, there is Crude Oil Analysis Lab that analyzes and classifies around 300 types of oil and approximately 900 varieties of crude oil imported from all over the world. The quality of various crude oils, including their color and viscosity, is analyzed here, and research is conducted repeatedly to determine the best mixing methods. The experts performing this task are known as “Crude Oil Sommeliers.” The Crude Oil Sommeliers are experts with profound understanding in every aspect of crude oil. After examining the characteristics of various crude oils, they can find the perfect formula to refine them, playing a significant role in making the last products according to customers’ demands, just like how a sommelier discerns numerous wines and recommends the best match for a customer's taste. Another similarity between crude oil and wine is that crude oil also can be blended.
"The misconception that all oil is black arose from crude oil extracted from the ground. Freshly extracted crude oil is a sticky liquid with high viscosity, and is often seen in dark shades of dark brown or dark green. This extracted crude oil, through refining processes such as fractional distillation, can become colorless and transparent or take on yellow or green hues."
Refining these blended varieties of crude oil results in the extraction of various petroleum products. For example, Naphtha, which is used as a raw material for textiles, plastics, and other products, is a clear and transparent liquid. Gasoline has a golden yellow hue. Meanwhile, asphalt, which remains at the end of the crude oil refining process, is black.
In fact, gasoline, kerosene, and diesel, excluding asphalt, are transparent and colorless liquids immediately after refining. However, gasoline is a very light yellow, while diesel is a darker yellow, and premium gasoline tends to have a relatively blue tint. The variations in colors for each product are derived from the fact that manufacturers add coloring to differentiate between types of oil to prevent misfuelling accidents*.
(*) Misfuelling accidents: Putting the wrong type of fuel in a vehicle is known as “misfuelling.” The most common type of misfuelling accidents is when diesel is mistakenly filled in a gasoline vehicle. Filling the wrong type of oil can lead to reduced performance, engine shutdown, and other abnormal symptoms, potentially leading to serious accidents.
The principle of extracting petroleum products from crude oil is simple. It involves collecting steam that has been vaporized according to their boiling points and condensing them back into a liquid. However, Crude Oil Sommeliers agree that the below question is not simple as they must consider the different characteristics of each crude oil:
"Refining crude oil requires intricate and complex processes. The crude oil produced in various parts of the world differs in color and viscosity depending on the country and the production field, and the proportion of components and types of impurities in the crude oil vary as well. Therefore, if all crude oil were processed in the same way, it would be impossible to produce petroleum of stable quality. To refine the diverse crude oil into a uniform quality, it is necessary to carefully adjust conditions such as temperature and pressure during the refining process according to the characteristics of each crude oil."
Even crude oil extracted from the same production site shows differences in characteristics. Crude oil contains not only carbon and hydrogen but also other elements, as well as impurities such as sulfur compounds, nitrogen compounds, oxygen compounds, and metal salts. As removing impurities is one of the key factors determining the quality of petroleum products, it is vital to analyze the components of crude oil and go through the process based on its results. At the forefront of these complex tasks stands the Crude Oil Sommeliers.
The most critical facility for the Crude Oil Sommelier's crude oil analysis work is the Pilot Plant inside the Crude Oil Analysis Lab. Made of special glass, the Pilot Plant is a scaled-down version of Ulsan CLX's refining facility, the CDU (Crude Distillation Unit, Atmospheric Distillation Tower), where various types of crude oil are tested under actual refining processes to obtain analysis results.
"The important data obtained through pilot plant analysis is called Crude Assay. The Crude Assay is a compilation of data on the yield and characteristics of products obtained from crude oil and its distillation. This data is used to adjust the blend ratio of crude oil and set the operating conditions of the plant, serving as a guide for the production of the final petroleum products."
Had the setting of the movie "Giant" been in Australia, James Dean's clothes and face drenched in oil might have been much lighter in color, and if it had been set in some region of the Middle East, there might have been a more pronounced red hue. Of course, regardless of the color used, the movie would likely have been remembered as a masterpiece. The thing is you should remember that crude oil has more colors than just one shade of black.
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SK On to unveil upgraded fast-charging solutions at InterBattery 2024
■ Advanced SF, SF+ cells highlight enhanced charging, energy density
■ LFP, ESS products to be showcased at largest battery trade show in Korea
SK On, a leading global battery manufacturer, announced today it will showcase battery cells highlighting advanced fast-charging solutions along with various products demonstrating its latest R&D achievements at the upcoming battery exhibition in Seoul.
The Advanced SF and SF+ batteries will be among the key exhibition items from SK On at InterBattery 2024, South Korea’s largest battery trade show that will take place at Coex Convention & Exhibition Center in Seoul from March 6 to 8.
The original SF (Super Fast) Battery first introduced in 2021 was a high-nickel battery that can be charged from 10 percent to 80 percent in just 18 minutes. The Advanced SF Battery is an upgraded version of the SF Battery, increasing the energy density by 9 percent, while maintaining the same fast-charging time of 18 minutes. Higher energy density means that a battery can store a larger amount of energy, leading to further driving range on a single charge.
SK On managed to shorten the transport distance of lithium ions with the application of a special coating method that drastically lowers the anode resistance and also with an anode alignment process.
For the development of the Advanced SF Battery, SK On also utilized an optimized fast-charging protocol with analytics solutions designed to maximize the charging speed for batteries.
The SF+ Battery, another variant of the SF Battery, boasts even quicker charging time than the original: 15 minutes. SK On was able to reduce the transport distance of lithium ions, while increasing their movement speed by applying high-capacity silicon with low-resistance graphite on the self-developed dual layer structure.
At InterBattery 2024, SK On will also showcase the Winter Pro LFP Battery underscoring its low-temperature performances. Generally, a LFP battery suffers 50~70 percent drop in driving range it can offer at a low temperature (-20℃). However, compared to the existing conventional LFP, the Winter Pro LFP Battery extends the charging and discharging capacity by 16 percent and 10 percent, respectively, while increasing the energy density by 19 percent.
SK On’s battery portfolio, technologies to be displayed in 4 exhibition zones
This year, SK On designed its exhibition booth in four zones under the theme of “Speed On,” which signifies the company’s intention to accelerate its growth.
Following an aisle displaying miniatures of SK On battery-powered vehicles, visitors can encounter a spherical LED in the exhibition zone called “Global ON.” The sphere will screen the information and location of SK On’s global operation sites when pressing a button.
In “Innovative Technology” zone, visitors can check SK On’s top-notch technologies on cathode active materials processing, such as non-washing method.
Residual lithium compound downgrades the performance of cathodes as it forms by-products and unwanted gases when a battery is in service. Water washing is typically used to remove the residual lithium content, but the process worsens the performance of cathodes as it damages the structure of cathode active materials. SK On was able to replace the process with non-washing method that does not use water, thanks to its self-developed special coating materials.
In “Application” zone, electric vehicles equipped with SK On batteries will be on display. Visitors will be able to find out specifications and features of SK On batteries that power the Genesis eG80 and the Kia EV9.
SK On’s energy storage system (ESS) will make its public debut in this exhibition zone. A miniature of the company’s next-generation DC Block, which is one-tenth the size of the actual product, will be exhibited and present features like real-time monitoring of each cell and module conditions.
SK On will also introduce its fire safety technologies on ESS, such as a thermal propagation solution that won a North America ESS fire safety certification and a liquid cooling method that minimizes the temperature difference between cells and enhance efficiency in charging and discharging.
In “Battery Portfolio Diversification” zone, visitors can meet SK On’s battery products in various form factor and chemistry. With battery products highlighting upgraded features, such as SF+ Battery and Winter Pro LFP Battery, SK On’s prismatic and all solid-state battery products will be also showcased.
“Visitors will be able to find out our top-notch R&D capabilities through the exhibitions,” a SK On spokesman said. “SK On will continue developing innovative technologies and diversifying product portfolios to meet various needs of the customers.”
(Photo 1, 2) A layout of SK On's booth at InterBattery 2024
(Photo 3) SK On's Advanced SF Battery unveiled at InterBattery 2024
(Photo 4 to 8) Panoramic view of SK On's exhibition at InterBattery 2024
(Swipe left to check the photos)
(Photo 9, 10) Visitors are looking around SK On's booth at InterBattery 2024 (Photos taken on March 6, 2024)
(Swipe left to check the photos)
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SK Enmove collaborates with Iceotope and SK Telecom to accelerate its foray into the data center liquid cooling market
■ SK Enmove signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with UK-based Precision Liquid Cooling (PLC) specialist Iceotope and big data specialist SK Telecom
■ SK Enmove plans to enhance liquid cooling technology and develop customized thermal fluids for PLC systems
SK Enmove has expanded its product lineup of thermal fluids and accelerated its foray into the data center liquid cooling market.
(*) Fluids: Fluids encompass both liquids and gases. They do not have a fixed shape and flow easily.
On February 28, SK Enmove announced it had signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on cooperation of next-generation cooling and solution with a global leader in Precision Liquid Cooling Iceotope Technologies and SK Telecom. The signing ceremony, held at the Mobile World Congress (MWC) in Barcelona, Spain, was attended by the Head of e-Fluids B2B Business Management Office at SK Enmove, Seo Sang-hyuk, the Vice President and Head of Future R&D at SK Telecom, Lee Jong-min, and the CEO of Iceotope, David Craig.
Under this MOU, the three companies will engage in technical cooperation of data center liquid cooling technology. They plan to load SK Enmove's thermal fluids into Iceotope's Precision Liquid Cooling (PLC) solution and seek ways to apply them into SK Telecom's AI Data Center Testbed (AI DC Testbed).
The liquid cooling is a way of cooling down the severs in data center by utilizing non-conductive specialized thermal fluids. It has drawn attention as a new thermal management because it can improve power consumption and save on operation costs compared to air-cooling types which take the heat off from the air. Examples of liquid cooling are Liquid Immersion Cooling Solution and Precision Liquid Cooling.
Following the existing tank type liquid immersion cooling solutions, SK Enmove plans to launch optimized product development for various liquid cooling solutions by developing thermal fluids for Iceotope's Precision Liquid Cooling technology.
According to the global market research firm Future Market Insights, the global market size in thermal management of thermal fluids is expected to grow from approximately USD 330 million (about KRW 440 billion) in 2022 to about USD 2.1 billion (about KRW 2.8 trillion) by 2032, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 21.5%.
SK Enmove was the first company in Korea to start the development thermal fluids in 2022, making an investment in GRC, a US-based tank type liquid immersion cooling solution company. Following this, in 2023, SK Enmove accelerated its efforts to preempt the data center liquid cooling market by signing an MOU with US-based PC manufacturing and IT solutions company Dell Technologies for the commercialization of liquid cooling technology.
“Importance of establishing sustainable environment is increasing these days. Through this cooperation, we aim to contribute to the vitalization of the immersion cooling market and solidify our position as an Energy Saving Company,” said Seo Sang-hyuk, Vice President and Head of e-Fluids B2B Business Office at SK Enmove.
“By combining core technologies and capabilities of SK Telecom, Iceotope and SK Enmove, we expect to develop innovative energy efficiency solutions that can not only help us strengthen our competitiveness in AI data centers, but also put us on the right path towards sustainability,” said Lee Jong-min, Vice President and Head of Future R&D at SK Telecom.
“We are thrilled to be collaborating with SK Telecom and SK Enmove on AI data center innovation and look forward to helping them and their customers to realize energy-efficiency in their facilities with our Precision Liquid Cooling solutions,” said David Craig, CEO of Iceotope.
[Photos]
(Photo1) SK Enmove, SK Telecom, and UK-based Iceotope signed a MOU on cooperation of next-generation cooling and solution at the MWC held in Barcelona, Spain. David Craig, the CEO of Iceotope, Lee Jong-min, the Vice President and Head of Future R&D at SK Telecom, and Seo Sang-hyuk, the Head of e-Fluids B2B Business Management Office at SK Enmove (from left) are posing next to a server using liquid immersion cooling technology set up in the SK Telecom exhibition hall. (Photo provided by SK Telecom)
(Photo2) Seo Sang-hyuk, the Head of e-Fluids B2B Business Management Office at SK Enmove, David Craig, the CEO of Iceotope, and Lee Jong-min, the Vice President and Head of Future R&D at SK Telecom (from left), are posing with a business agreement. (Photo provided by SK Telecom)
(Photo3) Lee Jong-min, the Vice President and Head of Future R&D at SK Telecom, David Craig, the CEO of Iceotope, and Seo Sang-hyuk, the Head of e-Fluids B2B Business Management Office at SK Enmove (from left) are posing with a business agreement. (Photo provided by SK Telecom)
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Trends & Reports
[Oillusion] The Black Gold isn't just black
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SK On
SK On to unveil upgraded fast-charging solutions at InterBattery 2024
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SK Enmove
SK Enmove collaborates with Iceotope and SK Telecom to accelerate its foray into the data center liquid cooling market
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[Secondary Batteries Quick Note] ① What are secondary batteries?
Secondary batteries are widely used in our daily lives, from electronic devices like cell phones and laptops to cordless home appliances such as hair dryers, electric shavers, and vacuum cleaners. They are also equipped in electric vehicles (EVs) and have become the talk of the town in recent years. But what exactly is a secondary battery? Did you know that the first secondary battery was invented earlier than alkaline batteries that are easily purchased at a convenient store? | Why are they called 'secondary' cells? The name ‘secondary’ indicates that the original source of the energy this type of battery provides is from a second source (power generators, battery chargers, etc.) rather than the materials that comprise the battery, as in a primary battery. Also, unlike primary batteries (e.g., alkaline batteries), which are often discarded after a single use, secondary batteries are rechargeable, so they are also called rechargeable batteries. They have another name, storage batteries, as they can accumulate and store electricity inside the cell. | The history of secondary batteries A French scientist, Gaston Planté, invented the first rechargeable battery in 1859, which is 59 years after the invention of the world’s first electrochemical cell – the Voltaic Pile. | Types of secondary batteries Secondary batteries generate electrical energy through an oxidation-reduction reaction*. By using different combinations of oxidizing-reducing substance materials, various types of secondary batteries can be created, such as lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-iron, lithium-ion, and lithium-ion polymer batteries. *Oxidation-reduction reaction: Oxidation is when a molecule, atom or ion gains oxygen or loses hydrogen or electrons. The opposite of oxidation is reduction. The oxidation-reduction reaction occurs simultaneously. Among them, the most common one is lithium-ion (Li-ion) secondary battery, which is forecasted to account for 95% of the overall battery market by 2030, according to a report released in July 2023 by SNE Research. | The structure and advantages of Li-ion batteries Cathode An electrode where lithium-ions receive electrons during discharge and a reduction reaction occurs Seperator A barrier that prevents the short circuits of anodes and cathodes Anode An electrode where lithium-ions emit electrons during discharge and an oxidation reaction occurs Electrolyte A substance that facilitates the electrochemical reaction of anodes and cathodes by prompting the movement of lithium-ions (Carbon prompts movement by graphite, and organic solvents by organic solvents) Since lithium is the lightest metal on earth, Li-ion batteries are lighter and smaller in volume than other existing secondary batteries, so they are used in portable devices like cell phones. Li-ion batteries have higher energy density and excellent charging efficiency, which means they can be charged faster and last longer, thereby being widely installed in EVs. Moreover, they do not contain environmentally regulated substances like cadmium, lead, and mercury. | Efforts to improve performance of Lithium-ion batteries Since its commercialization in 1991, the performance of Li-ion batteries has improved significantly through various efforts in the industry. Its performance is influenced by several factors, such as energy density*, safety, charging speed, and the number of charge cycles. *Energy density: It is the amount of energy stored per unit volume or weight. A higher energy density indicates better battery performance. ● Z-folding technology: intersects and stacks cathodes and anodes evenly between separators in a zigzag shape to minimize cell stress and prevent physical contact between electrodes, reducing the potential risks of fire. ● Coating technology: enhances lithium-ion conductivity and rapid charging performance throughout the charging cycle. ● Cathode material technology: maximizes energy density while boasting superior capacity, thermal stability, and cycle performance compared to existing batteries by utilizing high-nickel cathode materials. | Rechargeable battery industry Rechargeable battery has emerged as a key industry with economic and environmental benefits, enabling the transition to low-carbon energy sources. As EV adoption continues to rise worldwide, the importance of battery performance, including lifecycle, energy density, and safety, is becoming increasingly pronounced. Therefore, developing and producing the next-generation secondary battery is now critical for battery makers to lead the market. | Next-generation secondary batteries There are different types of next-generation rechargeable batteries. Here are some examples: Type Description Advantages All-solid-state Using solid electrolyte instead of the liquid electrolyte in existing Li-ion batteries Improving battery safety Lithium-metal Replacing the anode material in existing Li-ion batteries from graphite to lithium metal Enhancing battery capacity Lithium-sulfur Replacing the cathode and anode materials in existing Li-ion batteries with sulfur and lithium metal Enhancing energy density and cost competitiveness Sodium-ion Using Na-ions instead of Li-ions Improving cost competitiveness and supply stability Korea Institute of S&T Evaluation and Planning. (2023, November 22). KISTEP Brief 96 In the upcoming episode, let’s follow us to check the second Quick Note: All-solid-state batteries. ■ Related articles - SK On to unveil upgraded fast-charging solutions at InterBattery 2024 - SK On strengthens partnership with Solid Power to accelerate all-solid-state battery development
2024. 03. 08
[Secondary Batteries Quick Note] ① What are secondary batteries?
Secondary batteries are widely used in our daily lives, from electronic devices like cell phones and laptops to cordless home appliances such as hair dryers, electric shavers, and vacuum cleaners. They are also equipped in electric vehicles (EVs) and have become the talk of the town in recent years. But what exactly is a secondary battery? Did you know that the first secondary battery was invented earlier than alkaline batteries that are easily purchased at a convenient store? | Why are they called 'secondary' cells? The name ‘secondary’ indicates that the original source of the energy this type of battery provides is from a second source (power generators, battery chargers, etc.) rather than the materials that comprise the battery, as in a primary battery. Also, unlike primary batteries (e.g., alkaline batteries), which are often discarded after a single use, secondary batteries are rechargeable, so they are also called rechargeable batteries. They have another name, storage batteries, as they can accumulate and store electricity inside the cell. | The history of secondary batteries A French scientist, Gaston Planté, invented the first rechargeable battery in 1859, which is 59 years after the invention of the world’s first electrochemical cell – the Voltaic Pile. | Types of secondary batteries Secondary batteries generate electrical energy through an oxidation-reduction reaction*. By using different combinations of oxidizing-reducing substance materials, various types of secondary batteries can be created, such as lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-iron, lithium-ion, and lithium-ion polymer batteries. *Oxidation-reduction reaction: Oxidation is when a molecule, atom or ion gains oxygen or loses hydrogen or electrons. The opposite of oxidation is reduction. The oxidation-reduction reaction occurs simultaneously. Among them, the most common one is lithium-ion (Li-ion) secondary battery, which is forecasted to account for 95% of the overall battery market by 2030, according to a report released in July 2023 by SNE Research. | The structure and advantages of Li-ion batteries Cathode An electrode where lithium-ions receive electrons during discharge and a reduction reaction occurs Seperator A barrier that prevents the short circuits of anodes and cathodes Anode An electrode where lithium-ions emit electrons during discharge and an oxidation reaction occurs Electrolyte A substance that facilitates the electrochemical reaction of anodes and cathodes by prompting the movement of lithium-ions (Carbon prompts movement by graphite, and organic solvents by organic solvents) Since lithium is the lightest metal on earth, Li-ion batteries are lighter and smaller in volume than other existing secondary batteries, so they are used in portable devices like cell phones. Li-ion batteries have higher energy density and excellent charging efficiency, which means they can be charged faster and last longer, thereby being widely installed in EVs. Moreover, they do not contain environmentally regulated substances like cadmium, lead, and mercury. | Efforts to improve performance of Lithium-ion batteries Since its commercialization in 1991, the performance of Li-ion batteries has improved significantly through various efforts in the industry. Its performance is influenced by several factors, such as energy density*, safety, charging speed, and the number of charge cycles. *Energy density: It is the amount of energy stored per unit volume or weight. A higher energy density indicates better battery performance. ● Z-folding technology: intersects and stacks cathodes and anodes evenly between separators in a zigzag shape to minimize cell stress and prevent physical contact between electrodes, reducing the potential risks of fire. ● Coating technology: enhances lithium-ion conductivity and rapid charging performance throughout the charging cycle. ● Cathode material technology: maximizes energy density while boasting superior capacity, thermal stability, and cycle performance compared to existing batteries by utilizing high-nickel cathode materials. | Rechargeable battery industry Rechargeable battery has emerged as a key industry with economic and environmental benefits, enabling the transition to low-carbon energy sources. As EV adoption continues to rise worldwide, the importance of battery performance, including lifecycle, energy density, and safety, is becoming increasingly pronounced. Therefore, developing and producing the next-generation secondary battery is now critical for battery makers to lead the market. | Next-generation secondary batteries There are different types of next-generation rechargeable batteries. Here are some examples: Type Description Advantages All-solid-state Using solid electrolyte instead of the liquid electrolyte in existing Li-ion batteries Improving battery safety Lithium-metal Replacing the anode material in existing Li-ion batteries from graphite to lithium metal Enhancing battery capacity Lithium-sulfur Replacing the cathode and anode materials in existing Li-ion batteries with sulfur and lithium metal Enhancing energy density and cost competitiveness Sodium-ion Using Na-ions instead of Li-ions Improving cost competitiveness and supply stability Korea Institute of S&T Evaluation and Planning. (2023, November 22). KISTEP Brief 96 In the upcoming episode, let’s follow us to check the second Quick Note: All-solid-state batteries. ■ Related articles - SK On to unveil upgraded fast-charging solutions at InterBattery 2024 - SK On strengthens partnership with Solid Power to accelerate all-solid-state battery development
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